DISEASES - Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic and Pandemic

DISEASES - Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic and Pandemic

{To download pdf click on this link-DISEASES- Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic and Pandemic}

SPORADIC

what is Sporadic disease?

In Sporadic, the disease occurs in irregular intervals or only in a few places, where a few areas of a country such as a district or a village are affected. It includes tetanus, rabies, and plague.

PLAGUE

What is the plague?

Plague is an infectious disease that can be found in some mammals and their fleas. When people get bitten by these infected fleas, which may be due to the very close contact with these animals, they develop a bubonic form of plague, and sometimes the plague progresses and become pneumonic plague when the bacteria reach the lungs.

What are its types?

1.    Bubonic plague- When infected fleas bite a person the bacteria enters inside the lymph node and multiplies, leading to swollen, tender and painful lymph node known as buboes. In this case, patients develop sudden onset of fever, weakness, and headache.

2.    Septicemic plague- When the Bubonic plague remains untreated it leads to Septicemic plague where patients develop chills, weakness, abdominal pain, shock and mostly bleeding of skin and organs. Skin and other tissue may turn black in color.

3.    Pneumonic plague- If a person remains untreated in the first two stages of the plague the bacteria may spread through the lungs and may lead to respiratory failure. Followed by the symptoms- fever, headache, and weaknesses.

(NOTE- Pneumonic stage of the plague is the most dangerous stage of the plague because only after reaching this phase, the disease can be transmitted from one person to another person.)

Mode of transmission?

Through inhalation of an infected a droplet of an infected person, who has developed Pneumonic plague due to untreated first and second stages of the plague.

Treatment

Plague can be treated with antibiotics and recovery is common if treatment starts at the early stage of infection.

Precaution

Avoid eating rodents such as squirrels and rats, or touching them once they are dead.

Avoid close contact with someone who is coughing.

Avoid going into crowded areas.

(NOTE- Sporadic disease can be turned into Endemic disease)

ENDEMIC DISEASE

What is Endemic disease?

The endemic disease appears again and again in the same country or place. Thus, it is constantly present in a group or geographical area.

(NOTE- Like any other living organisms bacteria and viruses also can evolve to fit in the environment, this evolution sometimes lead to the origin of more advance bacteria and viruses, and so once the disease which was confined to a particular place or area expand its spreading and infecting capacity with the passing time.)

This type of Endemic disease exists permanently in a particular region or population and is communicable such as- Cold, Influenza, Mumps, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Smallpox, etc.

EPIDEMIC DISEASE

What is an epidemic disease?

An Epidemic refers to an outbreak of a disease. An epidemic occurs when a disease is spreading through one or more populations. Thus, a huge population is exposed to a virus or bacteria. For example- the Zika virus, Ebola, etc.

EBOLA

What is Ebola?

The disease Ebola which is also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever is rare but severe, often lead to fatal illness in a human.

The family of virus Fulovidae includes three genera of virus out of these three genera of virus the genus Ebola virus consists of six species, out of these species the responsible virus for the current event of Ebola between the years 2014-2016 belongs to Zaire Ebola virus species.

Symptom

The incubation period of the virus is 2-21 days. The virus cannot be transmitted until they develop the following characters-

·   Fever

·   Fatigue

·   Muscle pain

·   Headache

·   Sore throat

·   Vomiting

·   Diarrhea

·   Rash

·   Impaired kidney and liver function.

·   Internal and external bleeding.

Mode of transmission

·   Through coming in contact with infected animals.

·   Human to human it is transmitted through the body fluid of a sick or dead person who is infected.

·   Through the objects that have been contaminated with body fluid (like blood, feces, and vomit) from a person who is sick from Ebola or has died from Ebola.

Diagnosis

·   ELISA

·   Antigen capture detection test

·   Serum neutralization

·   Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR)

·   Electron microscope

·   Virus isolation by a cell.

Treatment

·   Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluid.

·   Safe sex

·   Maintain distance from an infected person

·   Avoid coming in contact with infected animals.

PANDEMIC

what is a pandemic disease?

In simple words, we can define Pandemic as a worldwide epidemic, where almost the whole world is exposed to the virus/bacteria. For example- Swine flu, bird flu, and the recent COVID-19.

SWINE FLU

What is swine flu?

Swine flu which is also known as H1N1 is a respiratory infection caused by an influenza strain that started in pigs but, with time a new virus evolved from the already existing virus swine flu and was termed as H1N1, which was capable of affecting people who never came in contact with the pigs.

Transmission

Either by inhaling or by touching a contaminated surface.

Symptoms

·   Fever

·   Cough

·   Sore throat

·   Chills

·   Weakness and body aches

·   Headache

·   Shortness of breath

BIRD FLU

What is bird flu?

Bird flu also is known

H5N1 or Avian influenza occurs from the strain of influenza birds that usually infect birds but in rare cases can also, infect humans.

Mode of transmission?

The virus does not infect humans easily or transmitted from person to person but may be transmitted by coming in close contact with infected or dead birds.

Like any other virus, it can be transmitted through-

·   Sneezing

·   Coughing

·   Touching germs covered surface

(NOTE- Till now this has not evolved to such a greater extent where it can be easily transmitted from one person to another, otherwise it may have lead to a serious global public health problem.)

Symptom

·   Chills

·   Fever

·   Coughing

·   Shore throat

·   Running or stuffy nose

·   Body ache

·   Fatigue

·   Diarrhea

·   Nausea

·   Vomiting

ABOUT COVID-19 

For detail click the link- CORONA VIRUS

(NOTE- AS compared to other Pandemic diseases such as swine flu and bird flu, COVID-19 is ten times more deadly because of the the spreading capacity of this virus is much more rapid as compared to the others, leading to a large number of the population getting infected in a very short period. Thus, in the simple term, we can say that this virus COVID-19 has attended his greatest achievement by reaching to such a point where it has developed itself in such a way that it can restrain almost every the temperature of different countries and is till now keeps on growing and multiplying day by day.)

CORONA VIRUS

                                  CORONA VIRUS  

      {To download pdf click on this link-    CORONA VIRUS}

INTRODUCTION

 The term Corona came from the Latin word corona which means crown due to its crown-like appearance under a microscope. This type of structure occurs due to the protein spike, which surrounds the core of the genetic material of the virus.

The whole family of the coronavirus is named as coronavirus. Some of the 4-5 different kinds cause common diseases among humans, which may lead from mild cold to mild respiratory illness.

Other varieties of corona affect animals and some time in rare cases we see the coronavirus jump from animal species to the human population.

HISTORY

Coronavirus is not something new; it has been there for a decade. Almost every few years a new coronavirus has been detected. But, the 1st one was discovered in the year 1960, which caused mild respiratory infection in chicken. Since then a number of coronaviruses have been discovered mostly affecting birds, bats, and other small warm-blooded mammals.

These viruses often get mutated inside the animals in which they circulate and in some cases due to the close contact of humans with these animals it may jump from animals to humans and start new disease, which occurs in very rare cases because of corona lives well between 32 degC-35 degC. In this case where the human body temperature is 37 deg C makes the surviving of the virus difficult.

But, the virus also has the ability to modify its genetic material inside a host body (without a host body virus is non-living material) with time, which is known as mutation.

The mutation is the change in genetic material that may occur depending on various factors like any other living organism.

This is how in some way coronavirus has evolved itself in such a way that now it is able to break the barrier and can jump from animal to human body and is able to survive under high temperature.

2019 Coronavirus is not a new case though this time the virus is much more evolved and resistant. But, back in 2002 coronavirus has already affected humans. In Guangdong China coronavirus has mutated itself and jumped from civet cat to humans but, was identified as SARS coronavirus (SARS-Cove) in 2003. Before that is transition was limited from animal to animal.

In the year 2012, MERS-CoV occurred in the Middle East country was transmitted from camel to humans directly or indirectly who have come in contact with these infected dromedary camels.

Again in 2015 MER CoV occurred in Korea.

ABOUT CORONA VIRUS ( COVID-19)

The latest coronavirus also is known as the NOVEL coronavirus or WUHAN coronavirus, due to its origin from Wuhan, by the end of 2019.

As compared to SARS and MERS it is less lethal but the spreading capacity of this virus is much as compared to the previous coronavirus which has occurred earlier.

HOW DOES CORONA VIRUS SPREAD?

As we know that most of the respiratory viruses are spread through large droplets that come out when people cough or sneeze and stay and can land on the surface and then it gets transmitted to another person when they come in contact with those surfaces such as door knock or any other surfaces. Other viruses can spread in the air and stay for a longer period of time in small droplet nuclei.

The COVID-19 virus spread primarily through a droplet of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person cough or sneeze and when a healthy person inhales the droplet from a person who is infected or touches the object and surface where the droplet has landed then they also get infected by the virus. But one thing is clear that the recent virus COVIS-19 does not show any sign of getting transmitted through air thus, it is not airborne.

SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19

  MILD

          FEVER

          COUGH

          SHORTNESS OF BREATH

  

  SEVERE

          PNEUMONIA

          KIDNEY FAILURE

          DEATH

  

DIAGNOSIS

PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) detects the minute quantity of genetic material of the virus and can amplify it for further study

.

PRECAUTION

  Stay updated with the news about COVID-19, because this virus is new and when a new virus emerges we often have to learn more and more about it.

• Regularly and thoroughly wash your hands with alcohol-based hand wash because it removes micro-organisms more effectively as compared to normal hand wash.
• Maintain at least 1 meter (3 feet) distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing to avoid the droplet which comes out during the process of coughing and sneezing.
• Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth without cleaning your hand to avoid the transfer of viruses if by mistake your hand has been contaminated.
• Practice good respiratory hygiene which includes covering one's mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing. Dispose of used tissue immediately once after using it.
• Avoid going out as much as possible and consult your doctor as soon as you face any of the above symptoms.
                           Last but not the least eat healthy food which enhances our body immunity because our body immune system works as a barrier for the entry of foreign pathogen those can harm our body.