DISEASES - Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic and Pandemic

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SPORADIC

what is Sporadic disease?

In Sporadic, the disease occurs in irregular intervals or only in a few places, where a few areas of a country such as a district or a village are affected. It includes tetanus, rabies, and plague.

PLAGUE

What is the plague?

Plague is an infectious disease that can be found in some mammals and their fleas. When people get bitten by these infected fleas, which may be due to the very close contact with these animals, they develop a bubonic form of plague, and sometimes the plague progresses and become pneumonic plague when the bacteria reach the lungs.

What are its types?

1. Bubonic plague- When infected fleas bite a person the bacteria enters inside the lymph node and multiplies, leading to swollen, tender and painful lymph node known as buboes. In this case, patients develop sudden onset of fever, weakness, and headache.

2. Septicemic plague- When the Bubonic plague remains untreated it leads to Septicemic plague where patients develop chills, weakness, abdominal pain, shock and mostly bleeding of skin and organs. Skin and other tissue may turn black in color.

3. Pneumonic plague- If a person remains untreated in the first two stages of the plague the bacteria may spread through the lungs and may lead to respiratory failure. Followed by the symptoms- fever, headache, and weaknesses.

(NOTE- Pneumonic stage of the plague is the most dangerous stage of the plague because only after reaching this phase, the disease can be transmitted from one person to another person.)

Mode of transmission?

Through inhalation of an infected a droplet of an infected person, who has developed Pneumonic plague due to untreated first and second stages of the plague.

Treatment

Plague can be treated with antibiotics and recovery is common if treatment starts at the early stage of infection.

Precaution

Avoid eating rodents such as squirrels and rats, or touching them once they are dead.

Avoid close contact with someone who is coughing.

Avoid going into crowded areas.

(NOTE- Sporadic disease can be turned into Endemic disease)

ENDEMIC DISEASE

What is Endemic disease?

The endemic disease appears again and again in the same country or place. Thus, it is constantly present in a group or geographical area.

(NOTE- Like any other living organisms bacteria and viruses also can evolve to fit in the environment, this evolution sometimes lead to the origin of more advance bacteria and viruses, and so once the disease which was confined to a particular place or area expand its spreading and infecting capacity with the passing time.)

This type of Endemic disease exists permanently in a particular region or population and is communicable such as- Cold, Influenza, Mumps, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Smallpox, etc.

EPIDEMIC DISEASE

What is an epidemic disease?

An Epidemic refers to an outbreak of a disease. An epidemic occurs when a disease is spreading through one or more populations. Thus, a huge population is exposed to a virus or bacteria. For example- the Zika virus, Ebola, etc.

EBOLA

What is Ebola?

The disease Ebola which is also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever is rare but severe, often lead to fatal illness in a human.

The family of virus Fulovidae includes three genera of virus out of these three genera of virus the genus Ebola virus consists of six species, out of these species the responsible virus for the current event of Ebola between the years 2014-2016 belongs to Zaire Ebola virus species.

Symptom

The incubation period of the virus is 2-21 days. The virus cannot be transmitted until they develop the following characters-

· Fever

· Fatigue

· Muscle pain

· Headache

· Sore throat

· Vomiting

· Diarrhea

· Rash

· Impaired kidney and liver function.

· Internal and external bleeding.

Mode of transmission

· Through coming in contact with infected animals.

· Human to human it is transmitted through the body fluid of a sick or dead person who is infected.

· Through the objects that have been contaminated with body fluid (like blood, feces, and vomit) from a person who is sick from Ebola or has died from Ebola.

Diagnosis

· ELISA

· Antigen capture detection test

· Serum neutralization

· Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR)

· Electron microscope

· Virus isolation by a cell.

Treatment

· Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluid.

· Safe sex

· Maintain distance from an infected person

· Avoid coming in contact with infected animals.

PANDEMIC

what is a pandemic disease?

In simple words, we can define Pandemic as a worldwide epidemic, where almost the whole world is exposed to the virus/bacteria. For example- Swine flu, bird flu, and the recent COVID-19.

SWINE FLU

What is swine flu?

Swine flu which is also known as H1N1 is a respiratory infection caused by an influenza strain that started in pigs but, with time a new virus evolved from the already existing virus swine flu and was termed as H1N1, which was capable of affecting people who never came in contact with the pigs.

Transmission

Either by inhaling or by touching a contaminated surface.

Symptoms

· Fever

· Cough

· Sore throat

· Chills

· Weakness and body aches

· Headache

· Shortness of breath

BIRD FLU

What is bird flu?

Bird flu also is known

H5N1 or Avian influenza occurs from the strain of influenza birds that usually infect birds but in rare cases can also, infect humans.

Mode of transmission?

The virus does not infect humans easily or transmitted from person to person but may be transmitted by coming in close contact with infected or dead birds.

Like any other virus, it can be transmitted through-

· Sneezing

· Coughing

· Touching germs covered surface

(NOTE- Till now this has not evolved to such a greater extent where it can be easily transmitted from one person to another, otherwise it may have lead to a serious global public health problem.)

Symptom

· Chills

· Fever

· Coughing

· Shore throat

· Running or stuffy nose

· Body ache

· Fatigue

· Diarrhea

· Nausea

· Vomiting

ABOUT COVID-19

For detail click the link- CORONA VIRUS

(NOTE- AS compared to other Pandemic diseases such as swine flu and bird flu, COVID-19 is ten times more deadly because of the the spreading capacity of this virus is much more rapid as compared to the others, leading to a large number of the population getting infected in a very short period. Thus, in the simple term, we can say that this virus COVID-19 has attended his greatest achievement by reaching to such a point where it has developed itself in such a way that it can restrain almost every the temperature of different countries and is till now keeps on growing and multiplying day by day.)